Listing of Related Words

Graphic Novel

-- a book format related to picture books
-- novel-length book feature text written in speech bubbles
-- captions in comic book-like illustrations
-- popular with middle and high school students
-- begin to be written for elementary-grade students

From---Essentials of CHILDREN'S LITERATURE, CAROL LYNCH-BROWN, CARL M. TOMLINSON, Fifth Edition

Literature For the Developing Child~~~Ages 9 to 12

-- plot in novels can now be more complicated

From---Essentials of CHILDREN'S LITERATURE, CAROL LYNCH-BROWN, CARL M. TOMLINSON, Fifth Edition

Cognitive-Developmatal Theory

1. Jean Piaget, (1896~1980)

• -- Concrete Operational Stage (具體運思期) ages 7~11
• -- Formal Operational State (形式運思期) ages 11~

From---Education Psychology-三化取向的理論與實踐- , 張春興

2. Lev S. Vygotsky, (1986~1934)

• -- Culture may stimulate children's cognitive development

From---Education Psychology-三化取向的理論與實踐- , 張春興

Cognitive Structure Learning Theory

1. Jerome S. Bruner, (1915~)

• -- Iconic Representation (形象表徵 / 圖像表徵) ages 7~11
• -- Symbolic Representation (符號表徵 / 象徵表徵) ages 11~

From---Education Psychology-三化取向的理論與實踐- , 張春興

Information-Processing Theory of Learning

• Sensory Register (SR) (感官收錄)
• Forgetting (遺忘)
• Short-Term Memory (STM) (短期記憶)
• Rehearsal (複習)
• Working Memory (WM) (運作記憶)
• Long-Term Memory (LTM) (長期記憶)
• Storage (儲存)
• Episodic Memory (情節記憶)
• Semantic Memory (語意記憶)

From---Education Psychology-三化取向的理論與實踐- , 張春興